Chapter 6

Chapter 6 - Understanding Input:-
-INPUT is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer.

What is Input?
Input instructions can be entered into the computer in the form of programs, commands, and user responses.

• A program is a series of related instructions that tells a computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.
• Programs respond to commands that a user issues.
• A user response is an instruction a user issues by replying to a question displayed by a program

What are Input Devices?
An input devices is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer.
The Example of input:-

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Touch screen
• Pen input (Stylus, digital pen)
• Game controller
• Digital camera

Keyboard:-

A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer.

An ergonomic keyword has a design that reduces the chance of wrist and hand injuries.

Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace

MOUSE:-

A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably.

TOUCH SCREEN:-

A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device.

PEN INPUT (Stylus, digital pen):-

With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write, draw, or make selections.

GAME CONTROLLERS:-

Video games and computer games use a Game controller as the input device that directs movements and actions of on-screen objects.example such as Gamepads, joystick and light gun.

DIGITAL CAMERA:-

A digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store them digitally.

VOICE INPUT:- 

Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the computer.

• Speech
• Music
• Sound Effects

-Music production software allows users to record compose, mix and edit music and sounds.

-Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a computer's storage medium.

-A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to capture video and still images, send email and broadcast live.

-A video conference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people.

SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES:-

• Flatbed
• Pen or handheld
• sheet-fed
• Drum

Optical character recognition (OCR) involves reading characters from ordinary documents

-A tTurnaround document is a document you return to the company that creates and sends it.

-A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner user laser beams to read bar codes.

Chapter 5

Actually we learned chapter 6 and 7 first and then chapter 5 but i am going to upload chapter 5 first and the  chapter 6 and 7......:)

CHAPTER 5- Types of utility programs and operating systems
- System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices
-An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources.
example of operating systems:-

• Start and shut down a computer
• Manage programs
• configure devices
• coordinate tasks
• control a network

-The process of starting and restarting is called booting where is divide into two which is cold boot and warm boot.

-A boot drive is the drive from which your computer starts where you can boot from a boot disk.
-A recovery disk contain a few system files that will start the computer.
-A user interface controls how you enter data and instruction and how information is displayed on the screen.
-Memory management optimizes the use of RAM and Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM.
-A driver is a small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a specific device.
-Plug and play automatically configures new device as you install the devices.
-Automatic update automatically provides updates to the program.
-A stand alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device such as

• Windows 7- faster and more efficient
• Mac OS X- for easy to use
• UNIX- for multitasking 
• Linux- for a open source popular and multitasking

- An embedded operating system resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic devices.

-A utility program is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks.

-A file manager is a utility that performs functions related to file management where it displaying a list of files and organizing files in folders and more.

-A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you specify.

-An image viewer allows user to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics file.

-An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files.

-A disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer's hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster.

-A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium.

-A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form.

-A media player allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on your computer.

-Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio and video files on a record able or re-writable optical disc. 

-A personal computer maintenance utility identifies and fixes operating system problems and repairs disk problem.

Chapter 4

 CHAPTER 4 : System unit components
The System Unit:
System unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data.
The inside of the system unit on a desktop for personal computer includes:

• Drive Bay(s)
• Power Supply
• Sound Card
• Video Card
• Processor
• Memory

Motherboard is the main circuit board of the sustem unit.

Processor where it is also called as the Central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer and contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU).

There are three type of core processor:-

• MULTI-CORE PROCESSOR
• DUAL-CORE PROCESSOR
• QUAD-CORE PROCESSOR

Four basic operation cycle:-

• FETCH
• DECODE
• EXECUTE
• STORE

Control unit is the component od the processoe that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer.

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations. 

The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions. The System clock controls the timing of all computer operations where system clock is measured in Gigahertz (GHz).

Data representation

Analog singals are continuous and vary in strength and quality.

Digital singals are in one of two states;on or off

Binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)

-Bits and Bytes

A computer circuit represents the 0 and 1 electronically by the presence or absence of an electrical charge. Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer.

MEMORY:

Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions and data that from the computer system unit.

Two type of memory that used commonly:-

-Nonvolatile memory - does not lose or delete the content when power is off such as ROM, FLASH MEMORY and more.

-volatile memory - loses its content when power is turn off.

Process of program instruction transfer in and out of RAM

Type of RAM chips:

• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)- SDRAM,DDR SDRAM, RDRAM
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)

-RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots
-Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data.
-Read only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions.
-A PROM is programmable read only memory chip is a blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently and EEPROM is that can be erased.
-Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten.

Ports and connectors:-
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit where connector joins a cable to a port.

 A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector 

Other types of ports include:-

• Firewire port
• Bluetooth port
• SCSI port
• eSARA port
• IrDA port
• Serial port
• MIDI port

BUSES:-

A bus allows the various device both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other. There are two type of bus, Data bus and Address bus.

Common types of expansion buses include:-

• PCI bus
• PCI Express bus
• Accelerated Graphics port
• USB Firewire bus
• PC card bus

- A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipment.

Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3 [SOFTWARE FOR SYSTEMS]

Application software- consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist with personal tasks.

• To make business activities more efficient 
• To assist with graphics and multimedia projects
• To support home, personal, and educational tasks
• To facilitate communications

Examples of application software:-

• Business - word processing, spreadsheet and note taking
• Graphics and Multimedia - computer Aided design (CAD) and Multimedia Authoring
• Home/personal/educational - legal, personal finance and Tax preparation 

There are 7 different variety forms of software:-

• Packaged software- Microsoft office
• Custom software- security code system
• Web application- online software
• Open source software- Java
• Shareware- Microsoft office trial
• Freeware- Mozilla Firefox
• Public-domain software- Hippo-draw

System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer's hardware. 

Business software is application software that assists people while performing business activities.
The key Features of a business software are:-

• Word processing software
• Spreadsheet software
• Database software
• Presentation software
• Note taking software
• software suite
• Personal information manager (PIM)
• Project management software
• Accounting software
• Document management software
• Enterprises computing software

Graphics and multimedia software:-

• Computer-aided design (CAD) software
• Desktop publishing software
• Paint/Image editing software
• Professional photo editing software
• Video and audio editing software
• Multimedia authoring software
• Web page authoring software

Software for Home, Personal, and Educational use:-

• Personal finance software
• Legal software
• Tax preparation software
• Personal DTP software
• Personal paint/image editing software
• Personal photo editing software
• Clip art/image gallery
• Video and audio editing software
• Home design/landscaping software
• Travel and mapping software
• Reference software
• Educational software
• Entertainment software

Web Applications:-

A web application is a website that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the internet.

Application software for communications:-

• Web Browser
• Email
• Instant Messaging
• Chat room
• Text, picture, video messaging
• RSS aggregator
• Blogging
• Newsgroup/message board
• FTP
• VoIP
• Video Conferencing

Learning tools for application software:-

Online help is the electronic equivalent of q user manual where we can ask a question or access the help topics in a subject or alphabetical order.

Web-based training is a type of CBT that uses internet technology and consists of application software on the web.

Distance learning (DL) is the delivery of education at one location while the learning takes place at other locations.

SUMMARY:-

Chapter 2

I was still back home I didn't attend the class, but my friend Omar send me what did the lecture teach in the class so he was very  helpful.

Chapter 2  : Fundamentals of the world wide web and internet:-

The internet

The internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and more.

The Evolution of the internet:-

The evolution of the internet connection:-

An access provider is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the internet free or for a fee.

Internet service provider (ISP) Regional ISPs provide internet access to a specific geographical area but National ISPs provide internet access in the cities and towns nationwide.

Online service provider (OSP) has many members-only features and popular OSPs include AOL(America online) and MSN (Microsoft network)

Wireless internet service provider provides wireless internet access to a computer and mobile devices and may require a wireless modem.

An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the internet.

A domain name is the text version of an IP address 

A DNS server translates the domain name into ts associated IP address

The world wide web:-

• The world wide web, or the web, consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents (web pages) 
• A website is a collection of related web pages and associated items
• A web server is a computer that delivers requested web pages to your computer
• web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to interact
• A web browser, or allows users to access web pages.

There are two types of search tools are search engines and subject directories

• Search engine-Finds information related to a specific topic .
• Subject directory-Classifies web pages in an organized set of categories.

Multimedia is a combination of graphics, animation, audio, video and virtual reality.

• Graphic is about pictures of arts.
• Animation is motion created by displaying a series od still images in sequence.
• Audio includes music, speech, and other stuff.
• video is a record of moving visual images
• virtual reality is a computer generated simulation of a three dimensional space.
• plug-in is a program that extends the capability of the a web browser
• web publishing is the development and maintenance of web pages

• E-commerce is a business transaction that occurs over an network

Other internet services

• Email-is the transmisson of messages and files via a computer network
• Mailing list-is a group of e-mail names and addresses given a single name
• VoIP (voice over IP)-enables users to speak to other users over the internet
• Message board-is a web-based type of discussion group

SUMMARY

Chapter 1

 Hello, guy's my name is Mohamed Al Faiz I am studying diploma in electrical and electronic. I am in the first year, 3rd semester. I was absence class for 10 days due to my problems. you guys can call me Faiz and this is what I learned in computer application class. Our lecture name is Miss Wan Irma, she is very patient teaching the lesson. I have to thanks to god because of giving this lecture .

Chapter 1
Basic introduction to computers;-

what are computers?
computers is an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
     

This is the process of the computer

The components of a computer;-

A computer has lots of components which mainly consist of electrical and electronic components.  

    

         

The advantage and disadvantage of computer:-

Although a lot of people use the computer is not mean that computer is good in a positive way it also has a negative side.

Network and the internet

A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly via communications devices and transmission media such as Bluetooth and wifi.

The internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions od business, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.

Internet connection all over the world

people use the internet for a variety of reasons:

computer software:-

The software also called a program tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. there is two type of software that two software are system software and application software.

Installing is the process of setting up software to work with the computer, printer, and other hardware

Categories of computer:-

•  Personal computer
• Mobile computers and mobile devices
• Game consoles
• Servers
• Mainframes
• Supercomputers
• Embedded computer

Personal computer:-

Personal computer can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself.

Mobile computer and mobile devices:-

Mobile computer

the personal computer you can carry from one place to anther place.

Mobile device

computing device small enough to hold in your hand and easy to carry.

Game consoles:-

A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games.

Servers:-

A server controls access to the hardware, software, and the other resources on a network where it provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information.

Mainframes:-

A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously.

Supercomputer:-

A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer in this world where it is capable od processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second.

Embedded computers:-

An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product.

Nowadays car uses embedded computer systems to break

As so far the computer has a lot of functions but we have to own the history or the evolution of the computer itself. the picture below shows the evolution of computers.